Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome is diagnosed when the degree of androgen insensitivity in an individual with a 46,XY karyotype is great enough to partially prevent the masculinization of the genitalia, but is not great enough to completely prevent genital masculinization. Jul 2, 2021 · Androgens are important hormones for expression of the male phenotype. The zona reticularis has more of the cofactors required for the 17,20-lyase activity of 17α-hydroxylase than zona fasciculata. Ngoài vai trò là hormone tự nhiên, androgen được sử dụng làm thuốc; để biết thông tin về androgen dưới dạng thuốc, hãy xem liệu pháp thay thế androgen và các sản phẩm steroid đồng hóa. Pseudohermaphroditism is an outdated term for when an individuals gonads was mismatched with their internal reproductive system and/or external genitalia. The antiandrogens include drugs that inhibit testosterone synthesis, block androgen receptors (known as androgen-receptor antagonists), or inhibit the conversion of testosterone to its more active form, Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as luteinising hormone, lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Androgen je obecný termín pro jakoukoli přírodní nebo syntetickou sloučeninu, obvykle steroidní hormon, která stimuluje nebo ovládá vývoj a udržení maskulinních charakteristik obratlovců vazbou na androgenní receptory. [114] [115] Two case series have reported that finasteride is effective in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa in girls and women. A sex hormone is one that regulates sexual changes in the body. Its function is regulated by the binding of androgens, which initiates sequential conformation changes of the receptor that affects receptor-protein and receptor-DNA interactions. The adrenal cortex is composed of three distinct layers of endocrine cells which produce critical steroid hormones. Medications that block the production of adrenal androgens such as DHEA include ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide. [5] [6] It is also used to treat osteoporosis , HIV/AIDS wasting syndrome , and to promote weight gain [7] and muscle growth in certain situations. 000-64. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, 5α-DHT, androstanolone or stanolone) is an endogenous androgen sex steroid and hormone primarily involved in the growth and repair of the prostate and the penis, as well as the production of sebum and body hair composition. Garden snails mating. SHBG is protective against DHT as it binds free androgen. History [ edit ] Intersex Peer Support Australia (IPSA), also known as the Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia, is possibly the oldest known intersex organization, established in 1985. Androstenedione is a precursor of testosterone and other androgens, as well as of estrogens like estrone, in the body. 5 years of androgen treatment. Various drugs are used to lower androgen levels by blocking the synthesis or action of testosterone, the Adrenal androgen stimulating hormone (AASH), also known as cortical androgen stimulating hormone (CASH), is a hypothetical hormone which has been proposed to stimulate the adrenal glands to produce adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (A4). The drug is described as a relatively weak androgen with partial activity and is rarely used for the purpose of androgen replacement therapy, but is still widely used in medicine. The AR belongs to the steroid receptor subfamily of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Esteroidogènesi, mostrant les relacions entre diversos androgens a la part de sota a l'esquerra. It is considered a form of androgen insensitivity syndrome and while it is not as severe as complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, it is more severe than mild androgen insensitivity syndrome. 3% inhibition of aromatase at a dosage of 1 mg/day and 98. Women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), who have a non-functional androgen receptor (AR) and are immune to the androgenic effects of DHEA and other androgens, have absent or only sparse/scanty pubic and axillary hair and body hair in general, demonstrating the role of DHEA and other androgens in body hair development at both Hyperandrogenism is a medical condition characterized by high levels of androgens. License: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction, provided the original author and source are credited. The androgens used for androgen replacement in women include testosterone (and esters), prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA) (and the ester prasterone enanthate), methyltestosterone, nandrolone decanoate, and tibolone, among others. Androgen je bilo koji iz grupe hormona koji uglavnom utiču na razvoj muškog reproduktivnog sistema. Main page; Contents; Current events; Random article; About Wikipedia; Contact us; Donate; Help; Learn to edit; Community portal; Recent changes; Upload file Testosterone is an androgen sex hormone. LGD-4033 is a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), or a tissue-selective mixed agonist or partial agonist of the androgen receptor (AR). As an androgen, danazol is described as weak, being about 200-fold less potent than testosterone in bioassays. [2] [3] MAB has been found to produce higher rates of gynecomastia (7 to 28%) than orchiectomy and GnRH analogues alone (1 to 16%), but lower rates than nonsteroidal antiandrogen monotherapy such as with Androgen deprivation-induced senescence (or ADIS) refers to the induction of cellular senescence as a result of androgen deprivation therapy. Název se řídí terminologií, která se v současné době používá pro podobné molekuly zaměřené na receptor estrogenu, selektivní modulátor estrogenového receptorů např. In male-pattern hair loss (MPHL), the hair loss typically presents itself as either a receding front hairline, loss of hair on the crown and vertex of the scalp, or a combination of both. Testosterone (T) enters the cell and, if 5-alpha-reductase is present, is converted into dihydrotestone (DHT). Maldevelopment of the gubernaculum or deficiency or insensitivity to either The routine use of DHEA-S and other androgens is discouraged in the treatment of women with low androgen levels due to hypopituitarism, adrenal insufficiency, menopause due to ovarian surgery, glucocorticoid use, or other conditions associated with low androgen levels; this is because there are limited data supporting improvement in signs and Figure 1 The four main regions of the androgen receptor. It results from the deficiency of one of the five enzymes required for the synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal cortex. Because hormone-positive breast and ovarian cancers are dependent on estrogen for growth, AIs are taken to either block the production of estrogen or block the action of Oxandrolone is an androgen and synthetic anabolic steroid (AAS) medication to help promote weight gain in various situations, to help offset protein catabolism caused by long-term corticosteroid therapy, to support recovery from severe burns, to treat bone pain associated with osteoporosis, to aid in the development of girls with Turner syndrome, and for other indications. Androgen adalah hormon steroid yang merangsang atau mengontrol perkembangan dan pemeliharaan karakteristik laki-laki vertebrata dengan mengikat reseptor androgen yang juga merupakan pendukung aktivitas organ seks pria dan pertumbuhan karakteristik seks sekunder laki-laki. Symptoms of hyperandrogenism may include acne, seborrhea, hair loss on the scalp, increased body or facial hair, and infrequent or absent menstruation. For those with metastatic disease, the standard of care is androgen deprivation therapy (also called "chemical castration"), drugs that reduce levels of androgens (male sex hormones) that prostate cells require to grow. ἀνδρός - andros, od ἀνήρ - andr-= čovjek + γένος - genos = porijeklo, osnova riječi koja znači "muškarac") je bilo koji prirodni ili sintetski steroidni hormon koji regulira razvoj i održavanje muških obilježja u kičmenjaka s vezanjem za androgene receptore. Danazol is described as a possessing high affinity for the androgen receptor (AR), moderate affinity for the progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and poor affinity for the estrogen receptor (ER). An androgen is the male type of sex hormone. Ovaries and adrenal glands make testosterone too. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to androgens and estrogens. Androgenai – vyriškieji lytiniai hormonai (testosteronas ir jo skilimo junginiai androsteronas, androstendionas, dihidrotestosteronas ir kt. ADIS is observed in prostate cancer cells that are dependent on androgens for cell proliferation. In 1999, the term "selective androgen receptor modulator" or "SARM" was introduced, as the mixed agonist–antagonist and tissue-selective activity of these nonsteroidal androgen receptor agonists had similarities with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Ty zahrnují aktivitu samčích pohlavních orgánů a vývoj druhotných pohlavních znaků. Both DHT and SHBG increased 14% in exercisers at 3 months, and at 12 months they remained 9% above baseline. [5] Androgens: oxandrolone, oxabolone, nandrolone (also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids or simply anabolic steroids) Oestrogens: diethylstilbestrol (DES) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) Progestins: norethisterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate. This list may not reflect recent changes . Consequently, the utility of rodent models for studying human psychosexual differentiation has been questioned. [1] Androgen conjugates include sulfate esters and glucuronide conjugates and are formed by sulfotransferase and glucuronosyltransferase enzymes , respectively. Because the adrenal glands make only about 5% of the body's androgens, these medications are, in general, used only in combination with other methods that can block the 95% of androgens made by the testicles. A year long, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program increased DHT and SHBG in sedentary men age 40–75, but had no effect on other androgens. 000 u XY (hromosomski muškarac) porođaja, što rezultira djelomičnom ili potpunom nesposobnošću ćelija da odgovori na androgene. Androgen: Buccal: 30mg twice daily Natesto: Androgen: Nasal spray: 11mg three times daily AndroGel: Androgen: TD gel: 25–100mg/day Androderm: Androgen: TD patch: 2. [1] [2] They occur naturally in the body as metabolites of androgens. Sex hormones, also known as sex steroids, gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate steroid hormone receptors. They are used to treat men with prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, pattern hair loss, hypersexuality, paraphilias, and priapism, as well as boys with precocious puberty. It is thought protodioscin achieves this primarily through causing an increase in androgen receptor immunoreactivity, meaning it increases the concentration of androgen receptors in cells, causing the organism to become more sensitive to androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Editors: It converts the enone ring of androgen precursors such as testosterone, to a phenol, completing the synthesis of estrogen. Az androgén-inszenzitivitási szindróma, (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, rövidítve AIS), tehát a hím nemi hormonra való érzéketlenség tünetegyüttese az ivarszervek magzati fejlődésének a megakadását okozó genetikai állapot. It is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from various mutations of gene CYP19 (P450arom) which can lead to ambiguous genitalia and delayed puberty in females, continued linear growth into adulthood and osteoporosis in males and virilization in In rodents, androgens induce the genitofemoral nerve to release calcitonin gene-related peptide, which produces rhythmic contractions of the gubernaculum, a ligament which connects the testis to the scrotum, but a similar mechanism has not been demonstrated in humans. . " Main page; Contents; Current events; Random article; About Wikipedia; Contact us; Donate; Help; Learn to edit; Community portal; Recent changes; Upload file Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) or testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) is a term for a condition in older men characterized by measurably low testosterone levels and clinical symptoms mostly of a sexual nature, including decreased desire for mating, fewer spontaneous erections, and erectile dysfunction. A (selective) androgen receptor degrader or downregulator (SARD) is a type of drug which interacts with the androgen receptor (AR) such that it causes the AR to be degraded and thus downregulated. They are under investigation for the treatment of prostate cancer and other androgen-dependent conditions . In humans, the masculinizing effects of prenatal androgens on behavior (and other tissues, with the possible exception of effects on bone) appear to act exclusively through the androgen receptor. [1] Androgen or androgenic hormone is the generic term for a class of natural or synthetic compounds, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. It is a weak androgen with a potency that is approximately 1/7 that of testosterone. An androgen-dependent condition, disease, disorder, or syndrome, is a medical condition that is, in part or full, dependent on, or is sensitive to, the presence of androgenic activity in the body. This receptor is the biological target of endogenous androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and of synthetic anabolic steroids like nandrolone and oxandrolone. 5–10mg/day Axiron: Androgen: TD liquid: 30–120mg/day Testopel: Androgen: SC: 150–600mg every 3–6 months: Testosterone enanthate: Delatestryl: Androgen: IM, SC: 50–100mg Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) – A condition which partially affects a genetic male's ability to recognize androgens. El subgrup principal d'andrògens, els andrògens adrenals, inclou qualsevol dels esteroides de 19 carbonis sintetitzats pel còrtex adrenal, la porció exterior de la glàndula adrenal que funciona com precursora d'esteroides, incloent-hi la Androgen (grč. This effect is Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired cortisol synthesis. Glavni i najaktivniji androgen je testosteron koga proizvode ćelije u testisima . Ngoài ra, androgen là tiền chất của estrogen ở cả nam và nữ. They include: Androgens and estrogens may be involved in the cause of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). The syndrome is named after cysts which form on the ovaries of some women with this condition, though this is not a universal symptom, and not the underlying cause of the disorder. [2] Fetal hormones may be seen as either the primary influence upon adult sexual orientation or as a co-factor interacting with genes. This includes the activity of the accessory male sex organs and development of male Antiandrogen, any drug that blocks the effects of androgens (male hormones) on the body. It provides peer and family support, information and advocacy. An androgen or anabolic steroid ester is an ester of an androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) such as the natural testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or the synthetic nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). [28] An androgen synthesis inhibitor is a type of drug which inhibits the enzymatic synthesis of androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in men ; Route Medication Major brand names Form Dosage Oral: Testosterone a: Tablet: 400–800 mg/day (in divided doses) This is a list of androgens/anabolic steroids (AAS) or testosterone derivatives. [2] [3] Androgenic activity is mediated by androgens (a class of steroid hormones with varying affinities for the androgen receptor ), and is dependent on various factors including androgen A steroidal antiandrogen (SAA) is an antiandrogen with a steroidal chemical structure. A hormone is one that is made from cholesterol. The medication has been found to achieve 96. It affects 1 in 20,000 to 64,000 XY (karyotypically male) births. [ citation needed ] The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Sindrom neosjetljivosti na androgen (AIS) je interseksno stanje s procijenjenom prevalencijom od oko 1: 20. Upon steroid binding, the androgen receptor (AR) undergoes a conformational change and releases heat shock proteins (hsps). Sindrom neosjetljivosti na androgen, prije poznat kao feminizacija testisa, uzrokovan je mutacijom gena androgenih receptora na X hromosomu (lokus: Xq11 – Xq12). Oxymetholone, sold under the brand names Anadrol and Anapolon among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used primarily in the treatment of anemia. Recent studies, however, have provided evidence in support of prenatal androgen exposure influencing childhood sex-typed behavior. [2] [12] [15] [3] Mesterolone is used in androgen replacement therapy at a dosage of 50 to 100 mg 2 to 3 times per day. But they make much less than the testicles do. 7% to 97. Androgen esters are mostly not included in this list. Aug 28, 2023 · English: Normal function of the androgen receptor. [3] Aug 21, 2023 · Wikipedia: Content from this work is used in the following Wikipedia article: Androgen backdoor pathway. [1] [2] [3] As such, the insensitivity to androgens is only clinically significant when it occurs in individuals who are exposed to significant amounts of testosterone at some point in their lives. Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic. [1] Androgen prouzrokuje normalne pubertetske promene kod dečaka, utiče na formiranje ćelija sperme , polnu zainteresovanost, ponašanje i uopšte mušku Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), popularly known as Kennedy's disease, is a rare, adult-onset, X-linked recessive lower motor neuron disease caused by trinucleotide CAG repeat expansions in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene, which results in both loss of AR function and toxic gain of function. Membrane androgen receptors (mARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which bind and are activated by testosterone and/or other androgens. The anterior pituitary complex and hypophyseal portal system, where FSH and LH are released. Antiandrogens are used in the treatment of an assortment of androgen-dependent conditions in both males and females. Aromatase deficiency is a rare condition characterized by extremely low levels or complete absence of the enzyme aromatase activity in the body. As such, AIs are estrogen synthesis inhibitors . The term was contrasted with "true hermaphroditism" (now known as ovotesticular syndrome), a condition describing an individual with both female and male reproductive gonadal tissues. A comparison of the structures of the natural estrogen hormone estradiol (left) and one of the nonyl-phenols (right), a xenoestrogen endocrine disruptor. A hermaphrodite (/ h ər ˈ m æ f r ə ˌ d aɪ t /) is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. 1% inhibition of aromatase at a dosage of 10 mg This is a list of antiandrogens, or drugs that prevent the effects of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This is a list of androgen esters, including esters (as well as ethers) of natural androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and synthetic anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) like nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). 1 Testosterone can be converted to its more biologically active form, DHT, by 5α reductase, and to oestradiol by aromatase. The major classes of testosterone derivatives include the following (as well as combinations thereof): Selektivní modulátor receptoru androgenu nebo selektivní modulátor androgenního receptoru (SARM) je typ ligandu androgenního receptoru. Androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) are the male sex hormones required for development of the male reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. They have characteristic roles during male sexual differentiation, but also during development and maintenance of secondary male characteristics and during initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis ( 1, 2 ). Anastrozole works by reversibly binding to the aromatase enzyme, and through competitive inhibition blocks the conversion of androgens to estrogens in peripheral (extragonadal) tissues. " — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xojo (talk • contribs) 18:25, 3 January 2013 (UTC) Reply "Androgens are also the original anabolic steroids and the precursor of all estrogens, which are stress hormones. A nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) is an antiandrogen with a nonsteroidal chemical structure. Some steroid antagonists: Androgen: cyproterone acetate Pages in category "Selective androgen receptor modulators" The following 29 pages are in this category, out of 29 total. (l'estrona i l'estradiol, en contrast, són estrogens. In addition to functioning as an endogenous prohormone, androstenedione also has weak androgenic activity in its own right. [6] [8] It has moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage . アンドロゲン（英: androgen ）は、ステロイドの一種で、生体内で働いているステロイドホルモンのひとつ。雄性ホルモン、男性ホルモンとも呼ばれる。雄では主に精巣のライディッヒ細胞から分泌される。 The inner most cortical layer, the zona reticularis produces adrenal androgens, as well as small amounts of estrogens and some glucocorticoids. Jul 15, 2024 · androgen (plural androgens) ( biochemistry , steroids ) Any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone , that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates . An androgen conjugate is a conjugate of an androgen, such as testosterone. Androgen, hormon androgenik atau testoid, adalah istilah generik untuk senyawa alami atau sintetis. The sex hormones include the androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. The production of LH is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. Androgen (grč. Pattern hair loss (also known as androgenetic alopecia (AGA)) is a hair loss condition that primarily affects the top and front of the scalp. It is more common in women than men. These include the glucocorticoids, which are critical for regulation of blood sugar and the immune system, as well as response to physiological stress; the mineralcorticoid aldosterone, which regulates blood pressure and kidney function; and certain sex hormones. They are typically antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR) and act both by blocking the effects of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and by suppressing gonadal androgen production. Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, endocrine disrupting chemicals, or endocrine disrupting compounds are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems. The product is a combination of esterified estrogens, an estrogen, and low-dose methyltestosterone, an androgen/anabolic steroid, in a single tablet. Right, Habitus after 3. They are typically selective and full or silent antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR) and act by directly blocking the effects of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Prostate cancer cells usually require androgen hormones , such as testosterone , to grow. Thụ thể androgen (AR), còn được gọi là NR3C4 (phân họ thụ thể hạt nhân 3, nhóm C, thành viên 4), là một loại thụ thể nhân được kích hoạt bằng cách liên kết với bất kỳ hormone androgen nào, bao gồm testosterone và dihydrotestosterone trong tế bào chất và sau đó di chuyển vào nhân. Theca cells are responsible for synthesizing androgens, providing signal transduction between granulosa cells and oocytes during development by the establishment of a vascular system, providing nutrients, and providing structure and support to the follicle as it matures. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), also called androgen ablation therapy or androgen suppression therapy, is an antihormone therapy whose main use is in treating prostate cancer. Due to its efficacy at reducing systemic androgen levels, ketoconazole has been used with some success as a treatment for androgen-dependent prostate cancer. . It includes direct antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR), androgen synthesis inhibitors like 5α-reductase inhibitors and CYP17A1 inhibitors, and antigonadotropins like GnRH analogues, estrogens, and progestogens. Androgen prouzrokuje normalne pubertetske promene kod dečaka, utiče na formiranje ćelija sperme , polnu zainteresovanost, ponašanje i uopšte mušku Androsterone, or 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, is an endogenous steroid hormone, neurosteroid, and putative pheromone. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is an AIS condition that results in the complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens. Androstendion omvandlas metabolt såväl till testosteron och andra androgener, som till östrogenet östron . Triple androgen blockade (TrAB) is a method of ADT in which a 5α-reductase inhibitor such as finasteride or dutasteride is added to CAB. Meanwhile, androgen therapy, also called testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), may help treat Genetic factors determine both individual levels of androgen and the hair follicle's sensitivity to androgen, as well as other characteristics such as hair colour, type of hair and hair retention. Androgen deficiency most commonly affects women, and is also called Female androgen insufficiency syndrome (FAIS), although it can happen in both sexes. Other symptoms of androgen deficiency are similar in both sexes, such as muscle loss and physical fatigue. Rising levels of androgens during puberty cause vellus hair to transform into terminal hair over many areas of the body. Oct 13, 2023 · Anti-androgen medication may be prescribed for certain conditions to block the effects of androgens. [1] [2] [3] Unlike the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mARs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via "Androgens are also the original anabolic steroids and the precursor of all estrogens, which are stress hormones. Čini se da androgeni receptor utiče na neuronsku fiziologiju i oštećen je Kenneddyjevom bolešču . Second, ketoconazole is an androgen receptor antagonist, competing with androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for binding to the androgen receptor. Polycystic ovary syndrome, or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Testosterone, the base androgen of most androgen esters. [1] Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a condition involving the inability to respond to androgens, typically due to androgen receptor dysfunction. Androstendion är en androgen steroid som produceras i testiklarna hos mannen, i äggstockarna hos kvinnan och i binjurebarken hos bägge könen. ), kuriuos gamina sėklidės, antinksčių žievė ir kiaušidžių stroma. The testicles of men make lots of testosterone. When produced by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, it is called androgen-binding protein (ABP). yu tw dj qj mt wz bd vc wx nl